How Existentialism Shapes Today's Psychology

Existentialism, a philosophical movement that emerged in 19th- and 20th-century Europe, delves into the fundamental questions of human existence. Philosophers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Jean-Paul Sartre explored themes like anxiety, freedom, dread, the awareness of death, and the consciousness of existing. These thinkers proposed that human life is characterised by a search for meaning in an otherwise meaningless world, and this quest arises from the inherent anxiety of existence. Central to existentialism is the belief that individuals must make choices based on their authentic desires, taking full responsibility for the consequences of those decisions.

Often regarded as the father of existentialism, Kierkegaard focused on the impossibility of man’s union with God. He argued that while God is infinite and plenary, humans are finite and individual, making true union unattainable. This realisation, he believed, leads to loneliness, fear, and dread—feelings that are part of the human condition. Yet, Kierkegaard also saw this anguish as a pathway to self-discovery. The realisation that humans have control over their lives—albeit a responsibility that induces anxiety—can elevate individuals to live authentically. This concept is reflected in his contrasting statement to Descartes’ famous words, “I think, therefore I am,” with his own declaration: “I exist, therefore I think.” Kierkegaard’s ideas influenced many philosophers and psychologists, shaping their understanding of the human experience and treatment methodologies.

Existentialism’s focus on anxiety and freedom became foundational to existential psychology and psychotherapy. Existential psychologists emphasise that individuals are more than the sum of their parts and possess a unique level of self-awareness that cannot be ignored or abstracted. Rollo May, one of the early contributors to existential psychology, described modern life as an “age of anxiety,” linking the feeling of angst to the challenges of freedom and responsibility. Unlike fear, which arises from specific threats, anxiety is vague and diffuse, stemming from the anticipation of potential outcomes. May identified two types of anxiety: normal anxiety, which can motivate growth and change, and neurotic anxiety, which paralyses individuals and inhibits their ability to live authentically.

Jean-Paul Sartre contributed the concept of “en soi” to existential thought, describing a state in which individuals reject their unique consciousness and passively let life happen to them. This condition often results in feelings of nausea, despair, and anxiety. Existential psychoanalysis, influenced by Sartre, aims to reveal the real goals behind human pursuits and to reconnect individuals with their passions and authentic desires.

Victor Frankl, another influential figure in existential psychology, emphasised the importance of meaning in life, especially in dire circumstances. Drawing from his experiences as a Holocaust survivor, Frankl argued that those who found meaning—even in suffering—were more likely to survive and thrive. His approach, known as Logotherapy, focuses on helping individuals discover purpose and meaning in their lives, a process he deemed essential to psychological well-being. Frankl and May also critiqued humanistic psychology for its overly optimistic view of human nature, arguing that it neglected the potential for individuals to make harmful decisions. Existential psychology, in contrast, acknowledges both the constructive and destructive capacities of human freedom.

The goals of existential psychotherapy are deeply rooted in helping individuals confront the realities of existence, such as freedom, death, isolation, and meaninglessness. According to May, the primary aim is for clients to achieve an “I-Am” experience—a profound realisation of their own being. Time plays a critical role in this process, with therapy encouraging clients to shift their focus from past regrets or future anxieties to the present moment. Ultimately, the process seeks to transcend time altogether, guiding individuals toward a deeper understanding of their existence.

Existential psychology’s influence extends beyond traditional therapy, shaping modern practices such as mindfulness, coaching, and leadership development. Its principles are particularly relevant in addressing contemporary issues like anxiety, depression, and existential crises. Therapies inspired by existential thought empower individuals to navigate life’s uncertainties and transform their struggles into opportunities for growth. For example, mindfulness techniques emphasise presence and authenticity, echoing existentialism’s call to embrace the "here and now."

By addressing universal human concerns, existential psychology reminds us that while life may not come with preordained meaning, we possess the freedom and responsibility to create it. This transformative perspective allows individuals to turn anxiety into motivation and despair into a catalyst for self-discovery. In today’s fast-paced and often overwhelming world, the enduring relevance of existentialism lies in its ability to help us confront life’s fundamental truths and live more authentically.